Non-Acid Non-Opioid Analgesics

Non-acid non-opioid analgesics are drugs that, in addition to having pain-relieving properties, have antipyretic effects. Therefore, their applications will mainly focus on these two effects.

Non-opioid analgesics include various kinds of substances with different action mechanisms. Besides the typical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and COX-2 selective inhibitors, substances such as paracetamol or acetaminophen and metamizole belong to this group.

We can classify non-opioid analgesics by their chemical characteristics:

• Acid. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, or diclofenac.
• Non-acid. Such as paracetamol or acetaminophen and metamizole. These are the two drugs we’ll focus on in this article.

Although the mechanism of action of both groups of analgesics generally lies in prostaglandin synthesis, there are minor differences we’ll explain later.

Non-acid non-opioid analgesics: paracetamol or acetaminophen

Paracetamol is an analgesic that belongs to the chemical group of anilines. It has pain-relieving and antipyretic properties. Thus, it’s mainly used in the treatment of moderate pain and fever episodes.

This painkiller was discovered in Germany in 1877. Today, it’s the most commonly used painkiller in Europe and the United States for the indications we mentioned above. It’s available as a generic drug and under numerous brands, such as Gelocatil® or Termalgin®.

Mechanism of action

The reason why paracetamol isn’t an anti-inflammatory but is an analgesic and antipyretic, despite the fact that it acts on the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzyme, is that it only inhibits COX-3, which is centrally localized.

Therefore, prostaglandin synthesis inhibition doesn’t happen at the peripheral level and it can’t act as an anti-inflammatory. Prostaglandins are the molecules responsible for pain sensation. As it inhibits their synthesis, the pain threshold increases.

Furthermore, in febrile states, prostaglandin synthesis inhibition increases. As it inhibits COX-3 and, thereby, the synthesis of these molecules, paracetamol lowers body temperature and, therefore, fever.

Side effects of paracetamol

The most important side effect of this painkiller is its hepatotoxicity. This occurs when there’s an overdose of the drug and the resulting metabolites can’t be properly neutralized. Thus, they affect the liver, producing liver necrosis.

In addition to hepatotoxicity, it can also trigger other side effects, such as:

• Intolerance
• Kidney function alterations
• Headache
• Confusion
• Hypersensitivity

Non-acid non-opioid analgesics: metamizole

Metamizole belongs to the chemical group of pyrazolones. Just like paracetamol, it treats fever and pain.

German experts synthesized it in 1920. Today, it’s marketed, like all other analgesics, under the generic name and numerous brands such as Nolotil®.

Mechanism of action

Metamizole owes its antipyretic and analgesic effects to its ability to reduce pro-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. This is because it’s able to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase. This enzyme catalyzes, as its name suggests, the synthesis of new prostaglandins.

Moreover, metamizole is also capable of inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced fever. In addition, it has spasmolytic effects, which are associated with the inhibition of intracellular calcium as a result of the reduced synthesis of inositol phosphate.

Side effects of metamizole

Metamizole differs from other non-opioid analgesics that act on prostacyclin synthesis in the fact that it doesn’t cause any significant gastrointestinal side effects.

However, like all other drugs, it produces other side effects. The most important are the ones related to hypersensitivity reactions, such as:

• Firstly, agranulocytosis. This is a serious side effect. It’s a condition that results from a bone marrow deficiency that doesn’t allow the body to produce enough white blood cells or increases the destruction of white blood cells. Consequently, the white blood cell count is low.
• Also, leukopenia. A decreased number of blood leukocytes.
• Finally, thrombocytopenia. A decreased number of blood platelets.

In short, you should remember the importance of these drugs in controlling diseases that cause inflammatory and fever processes, representing two of the most-consumed anti-inflammatory drugs in the world.

However, like all drugs, they have significant side effects. You can prevent most of these if you don’t self-medicate and respect the treatment time indicated by your doctor. If you have any doubts about their use, consult your doctor or pharmacist.